- 01: Introduction
- 02: History
- 03: Propellants, Firearms, and Ammunition Development
- 04: Modern Firearms Manufacture
- 05: Small Arms Ammunition
- 06: Evidence Handling Procedures
- 07: Equipment and Instrumentation
- 08: Examination of Firearms
- 09: Cartridge and Shotshell Examination
- 10: Characterization and Evaluation of Fired Projectiles
- 11: Bullet Comparison and Identification
- 12: Gunshot Residue and Distance Determination
- Introduction
- Objectives
- AFTE Knowledge and Ability Factors
- Powders and Residues
- Examination
- Distance Determination
- Significance of Results
- Contact Shot
- Nitrite Residues
- Vaporous Lead Residues
- Residues Consistent with the Passage of a Bullet
- Residues Consistent with the Discharge of a Firearm
- Interpretation Challenges
- Reproduction of Results
- Nitrite Residue Patterns
- Shot Patterning
- Chemical Testing
- Shot Pattern Reproduction
- Selected Bibliography
- 13: Toolmark Identification
- 14: Communicating Results
- Resources
Visual and Microscopic Examination
Home > Gunshot Residue and Distance Determination > Examination > Visual and Microscopic Examination
Residues surrounding a bullet hole
)
Visualization of gunpowder residue
patterns using a digital infrared camera
and optical filters
The preliminary visual and microscopic examinations of gunshot residues should be given first priority because subsequent chemical testing can dislodge residues or alter the appearance of physical effects.
Residues should initially be observed and evaluated by the unaided eye and with a low power (3x-30x) stereomicroscope. Infrared (IR) imaging may be used to visualize heavy soot on dark or bloody clothing. These preliminary examinations should be documented in laboratory notes. A designation for the portion of an evidence item under examination, such as an evidence item number and a hole designation (e. g., Item #23/Hole A) should be assigned.
The physical characteristics that may be visible during the preliminary examination for use in testing and interpretation include these:
- Hole in material
- Visible ring around the perimeter of a hole, sometimes referred to as bullet wipe
- Ripped or torn material in a stellate (star-shaped) pattern, consistent with a contact shot. When this is visible, especially in combination with burned, singed, or melted material, a distance determination can be made even in the absence of an evidence firearm.
- Apparently burned or singed material, such as around a suspected bullet hole
- Melted tips of artificial fibers
- Apparent heavy vaporous lead residue, often referred to as smoke, visible around a suspected bullet hole
- Burned, partially burned, or melted gunpowder adhered to the surface
- Types of gunpowder particles present (e.g., flake, disc, ball, flattened ball, etc.)
- Apparent particulate other than gunpowder (e.g., lead shavings, tiny solidified droplets, copper jacket fragments, etc.)
